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protein
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How does protein help build muscles?
peptide legume; amino acid hemoglobin protein synthesis X-ray diffraction macromolecules electrometric titration of glycine two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protein structure; α-helix
For Students
protein summary
Quizzes
3d illustration human heart. Adult Anatomy Aorta Black Blood Vessel Cardiovascular System Coronary Artery Coronary Sinus Front View Glowing Human Artery Human Heart Human Internal Organ Medical X-ray Myocardium
Medical Terms and Pioneers Quiz
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protein: Media

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Videos

How does protein help build muscles?
How proteins build muscle.
Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
protein engineering
How protein engineering helps scientists battle diseases.
Video: AbbVie (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Why do lobsters change color when cooked?
Using chemistry to understand the colours and diseases of lobster shells.
Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Why is blood red?
Are you “red-y” to find out?
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The chemistry of digestion: How food is broken down
Using chemistry to explain how humans digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
How large biological molecules keep us alive
Overview of large biological molecules.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
amino acids
The structure and function of amino acids.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The science behind dyeing Easter eggs
Successful Easter egg dyeing requires the interaction of calcium carbonate, protein,...
Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
What really makes a nutritious and complete breakfast?
Discover what constitutes a complete breakfast.
Video: © American Chemical Society (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

Images

peptide
The molecular structure of a peptide (a small protein) consists of a sequence of...
© raimund14/Fotolia
legume; amino acid
Legumes—such as beans, lentils, and peas—are high in protein and contain many essential...
© Elenathewise/Fotolia
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein made up of four polypeptide chains (α1, α2,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
protein synthesis
Synthesis of protein.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
X-ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized enzyme.
Jeff Dahl
macromolecules
Flow birefringence. Orientation of elongated, rodlike macromolecules (A)...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
electrometric titration of glycine
Electrometric titration of glycine.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
In two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on charge and...
J.E. Celis, Danish Centre for Human Genome Research
protein structure; α-helix
The α-helix in the structural arrangement of a protein.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
lysozyme; protein conformation
The simplified structure of lysozyme from hen's egg white has a single peptide chain...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
collagen
Collagen molecule.
© ynse/Shutterstock.com
keratin
Scanning electron micrograph showing strands of keratin in a feather, magnified 186×.
Janice Carr/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Image Number: 8673)
collagenous fibres
Randomly oriented collagenous fibres of varying size in a thin spread of loose areolar...
Don W. Fawcett, M.D.
muscle: actin and myosin
The structure of actin and myosin filaments.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
fibrin in blood clotting
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) trapped in a mesh of fibrin threads. Fibrin, a tough,...
BSIP/age fotostock
antibody structure
The four-chain structure of an antibody, or immunoglobulin, molecule. The basic unit...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
blue-green algae
Blue-green algae in Morning Glory Pool, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
© Yoyo_slc/Shutterstock.com
tobacco mosaic virus
Schematic structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. The cutaway section shows the helical...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
IgG immunoglobulin
Diagram of an IgG immunoglobulin.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
B-vitamin coenzymes in metabolism
Functions of B-vitamin coenzymes in metabolism.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
enzyme; active site
The role of the active site in the lock-and-key fit of a substrate (the key) to an...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
mechanisms of enzymatic action
Mechanisms of enzymatic action (see text).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
diagram of enzyme action
Curves representing enzyme action (see text).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
induced-fit theory
Induced-fit binding of a substrate to an enzyme surface and allosteric effects.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
schematic representation of proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily
Schematic representation of some proteins of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
endoplasmic reticulum in protein biosynthesis
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a major role in the biosynthesis of proteins....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
DNA and protein synthesis
DNA in the cell nucleus carries a genetic code, which consists of sequences of adenine...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
major histocompatibility complex
Protein images comparing the MHC I (left) and MHC II (right) molecules. The orange...
David S. Goodsell/Protein Data Bank/Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB)
protein and amino acid metabolism
General scheme of protein and amino acid metabolism.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
gene; intron and exon
Genes are made up of promoter regions and alternating regions of introns (noncoding...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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