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The electrical nature of a material is characterized by its conductivity (or, inversely, its resistivity) and its dielectric constant, and coefficients that indicate the rates of change of these with temperature, frequency at which measurement is made, and so on. For rocks with a range of chemical composition as well as variable physical properties of porosity and fluid content, the values of electrical properties can vary widely. Resistance (R) is defined as being one ohm when a potential difference (voltage; V) across a specimen of one volt magnitude produces a current (i) of one ampere; that is, V = Ri. ...(100 of 7839 words)