Kinds of power yachts

After the decade 1840–50, when steam began to replace sail power in commercial vessels, the steam engine and, later, the internal-combustion engine were increasingly employed in pleasure vessels. Large power yachts were developed to a high degree, and long-distance cruising became a favourite pastime of the rich. The earliest power yachts were paddle-wheel boats, which then gave way to those powered by the completely submerged screw or propeller type of propulsion. As in the case of naval and merchant vessels, auxiliaries carrying both sail and power were the yacht fashion for a number of years. By the second half of the 20th century many yachts were still auxiliaries, but the majority were exclusively power yachts containing gasoline or diesel engines.

During the last decade of the 19th century there was a boom in the construction of large steam yachts. Conspicuous among these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, containing triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull and manned by a crew of more than 150. The Mayflower, purchased by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and saw active service during World War II.

As larger and more-reliable internal-combustion engines were produced, many large yachts began using them for power. The development of the diesel engine, using heavy oil for fuel, advanced during World War I, and large power-yacht building flourished in the decade that followed, reaching a climax in the Orion (1930), 3,097 tons. During that period the largest auxiliary yacht built was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931), 2,323 tons.

The building of large power yachts declined after 1932, and the trend thereafter was toward smaller, less-expensive craft. After World War II many small naval vessels were sold to private owners for conversion to yachts. By the late 20th century yachting had become a widespread popular sport enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen personally manning and maintaining their own small pleasure craft. The number of yachts and yachtsmen increased steadily, not only in the traditional areas along the seacoasts but also on inland waterways and lakes.

Racing clubs

In England by 1881 most of the important yacht clubs had become members of the Yacht Racing Association (founded 1875; from 1952 called the Royal Yachting Association). The organization made rules governing regatta sailing and later took on duties as a representative body for all British yachting, including dealing with port, harbour, and other governmental authorities. In the United States, where there is much freshwater sailing, yacht clubs were founded between 1849 and 1880 at New Orleans; Detroit; Boston; San Francisco; Marblehead, Massachusetts; Oyster Bay, New York; Chicago; and Larchmont, New York. By the late 20th century there were approximately 1,500 active yacht clubs in the United States. The Royal Canadian Yacht Club was founded in 1852 and the Australian Yacht Squadron (later the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron) in 1862. Yacht clubs were founded in a number of countries throughout the world. The North American Racing Union was formed in 1925. A need for a body to set international racing rules and classes resulted in the founding of the International Yacht Racing Union (IYRU) in 1907.

Yachting organizations with specialized interests also arose, including the Cruising Club of America (founded 1922) and the Royal Ocean Racing Club (founded 1925), both of which are active in offshore and ocean racing. Many other specialized organizations were formed for preparing charts and offering challenge cups for small sailing craft. During the second half of the 20th century, many organizations were formed for boats of one class and design.

Olympic Games

The yacht races held in every Olympic meet since 1900, except for 1904, illustrate the general tendency in the period toward smaller boats and, after mid-century, the increasing popularity of one-class racing. Earlier Olympics included races for boats of various sizes and weights. The difficulty and expense of freighting boats and the increasing difficulty of recruiting large amateur crews often led to host countries winning the most races, sometimes by default. After World War II the number of classes stabilized and the size of boats shrank. There were usually five classes, with 5.5-metre boats predominating, which included a monotype (one-person crew), a two-person centreboard boat, a two-person keeled boat, a three-person one-design boat, and a development boat. Certain models might not appear in Olympic competition one year but again be used in later games. Classes are named by the International Olympic Committee based on recommendations made by the IYRU. Windsurfing was added to the Olympic program in 1984.

Courses

Sailboat races are held over two kinds of courses: point-to-point and closed. Most ocean racing is point-to-point, as in transoceanic races, global circumnavigation, the Bermuda Race (first raced in 1906 from Newport to Bermuda), and the Transpacific Race (first raced in 1906 from California to Hawaii). Such offshore races as the America’s Cup and the Fastnet Cup are closed-course and point-to-point, respectively. The One Ton Cup, first raced in 1907, came to include both closed-course and point-to-point races. Small boat races, on both inland water and inshore oceanic waters, are usually sailed on closed courses, most commonly triangular.

Transatlantic racing and global circumnavigation

Ocean racing began in 1866 with a match race held under NYYC rules from Sandy Hook, Connecticut, to Cowes, Isle of Wight, by three schooners of 32- to 32.6-metre length: Fleetwing, Vesta, and Henrietta. Henrietta, owned by the American newspaper publisher James Gordon Bennett, won in 13 days of sailing. The first single-sailor transatlantic voyage was made in a 6-metre boat by Alfred Johnson in 1876 to commemorate the centenary of U.S. independence. The first single-handed race in 1891 was won by the American sailor Si Lawlor. A series of single-handed races, sponsored by the London Observer, began in 1960 and was held quadrennially thereafter. It was in these races that Francis Chichester (later Sir Francis Chichester) attracted attention. Interest in sailing around the world was greatly stimulated by his lone voyage around the world in 1966–67. Circumnavigation races included the Golden Globe Race, sponsored by the Sunday Times of London in 1968, and races later organized by the Royal Naval Racing Association and held quadrennially from 1973. The introduction of self-steering gear did much to facilitate such racing.