Andalusia, far from the centre of Islamdom, illustrated the extent of ʿAbbāsid prestige and the assertion of local creativity. In the beginning of the period, Islamicate rule was represented by the Umayyads at Córdoba; established in 756 by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I (known as al-Dākhil, “the Immigrant”), a refugee from the ʿAbbāsid victory over the Syrian Umayyads, the Umayyad dynasty in Córdoba replaced a string of virtually independent deputies of the Umayyad governors in the Maghrib. At first the Cordoban Umayyads had styled themselves emirs, the title also used by caliphal governors and other local rulers; though refugees from ʿAbbāsid hostility, ...(100 of 41057 words)