20th-century heraldry

France and Italy

Without a monarchy, heraldry can still flourish, but it does not normally do so. The French Revolution abolished arms, which returned with the monarchy, and now, although France is a republic, a person assuming arms to which he is not entitled may be prosecuted. In the same way, it is not permissible to assume a name of a great family (whereas in England, the assumption of the surname Windsor, that of the British royal family, is possible for anyone). There is, however, no recognized heraldic authority in France, nor for that matter in other European countries that have abolished their monarchies. Most such republican states have associations that seek to maintain heraldic standards. Thus in Italy the Collegio Araldico (Heraldic College) consists of experts whose main object is to promote heraldic and genealogical studies. An association of nobles was formed as the National Heraldic Council of the Italian nobility, under the authority of former king Umberto II, and this association tries to regulate the use of arms and titles.

Communist countries

In Soviet-dominated European countries, the study of genealogy and heraldry was suppressed until the fall of communism. From 1956 there had been some relaxation in respect to statistical information, but historic heraldic data (directly associated with the symbolism of nobility) remained inaccessible until 1991. Many heraldic archives had, however, been carefully preserved, and now institutions and societies are being formed to protect and to disseminate their contents.

Ireland

Two of the republics that emerged from the British Empire—Ireland and South Africa—have established their own heraldic offices. As early as 1382, there was an Ireland King of Arms responsible for all matters armorial in that country. The last holder of the office died in 1487, and in 1553 Edward VI created a new king of arms under the title of Ulster, to control bearings throughout Ireland. His place of business was in Dublin Castle. When the Irish Free State, or Eire (now the Republic of Ireland), was established in 1921–22, the Ulster Office was reserved as an appointment of the British crown with the then-current Ulster to hold office for life. After his death in 1940, an arrangement was made between the British and Irish governments by which the heraldic office in Dublin Castle with its records was acquired by the Irish authorities. Photostat copies were made of the records and sent to the College of Arms, London. The Irish government appointed a Chief Herald of Ireland, and the Ulster Office became known as the Genealogical Office. A civil servant was then appointed as Chief Herald of Ireland. The office of Ulster King of Arms has now been united with that of Norroy King of Arms in the College of Arms in London. The Irish Herald undertakes the duties formerly performed by Ulster in the 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland; Norroy and Ulster has jurisdiction over the six counties of Northern Ireland (Ulster) in addition to the English counties north of the River Trent.

South Africa

In South Africa an act was passed in 1962 under which was established a Bureau of Heraldry and a Heraldry Council for the grants, registration, and protection of coats of arms, badges, and other emblems. A state herald is appointed as head of the Bureau of Heraldry. The Heraldry Council consists of the state herald and at least seven other members appointed by the government minister responsible.

The United States

There has been a remarkable evolution of heraldry in the United States. Ever since the American Revolution the use of arms, especially of arms of English families with whom the users were related or whose surname they bore, has continued. The College of Arms in London claims heraldic jurisdiction over persons of English and Welsh descent (Wales has been reckoned with England in this and all other administrative matters since the union of England and Wales, 1542). The Lord Lyon in Scotland claims jurisdiction likewise over persons of Scottish descent throughout the world. In addition the College of Arms at one time claimed a worldwide imperial jurisdiction over anyone who could be brought within the definition of British subject. Under this jurisdiction even the Indian princes were occasionally granted arms by the College of Arms, although they were not British subjects but independent rulers who had entered into treaty relations with the British crown. Many Americans have been granted arms by the college by virtue of their descent from English or Welsh forebears or by the Lord Lyon if they were of Scottish descent. Irish Americans often were granted arms from Dublin, from either the Ulster King of Arms or his successor, the Chief Herald of Ireland. Americans of Northern Irish descent have been granted arms by Norroy and Ulster King of Arms. In addition, there are several states of the United States that were formerly Spanish territory, and the Spanish Kings of Arms, the equivalent of the English and Scottish heralds, exercised an heraldic authority over persons of Spanish descent in the old Spanish Empire. By extension, they have recently granted arms to Americans who are resident in those formerly Spanish states but who are not of Spanish descent.

To these classes of arms obtained by Americans from overseas must be added such instances as the grant of arms to President Dwight D. Eisenhower in Denmark. Also, Americans of French, German, Italian, Polish, and other European descent have inherited from their immigrant ancestors arms once granted or recorded by heraldic authorities no longer in existence. All these classes of arms share one feature whatever their origin: they are hereditary honours granted to American citizens by other countries. As they do not carry titles, they do not contravene the principle of the American Constitution on this subject (although, of course, arms are historically “the ensigns of nobility” whose lawful use defines the nobles). An American who receives a knighthood of some foreign state possesses only an honorary knighthood; he does not prefix his forename with the title “Sir.” However, for the citizen of an independent sovereign power to approach and receive from another power a hereditary honour has seemed to many Americans an undesirable procedure. There have been and still are thousands of assumptions of arms by Americans who buy cheaply produced depictions from mail-order firms and in shopping malls, seemingly in the erroneous belief that every surname has its own coat of arms (“names” do not possess arms), but these transactions have no justification in either law or history.

Endeavours have been made to establish American authorities who would not only record but also grant arms. The New England Historic Genealogical Society of Boston appointed a Committee on Heraldry that since 1928 has issued rolls of arms, in which have been entered the names and arms of those who have submitted their claims to its judgment. The use of this method of issuing or publicizing arms recalls the usage of visitations previously described, which has not been practiced in Europe for more than 300 years. In the introduction to the second roll (1932) it is stated:

There is certainly no legal reason, perhaps no reason at all, why an American gentleman should not assume in more majorum any new coat that pleases his fancy, but he should not assume an old coat, for if he does, he is very likely denying his own forefathers and he surely is affirming what he has no sufficient reason to be true.

Not only British-derived arms but also continental European arms have been registered. In addition the committee has assisted inquirers in devising new coats of arms, not only for schools, colleges, and other institutions but also for individuals. In the introduction to the first roll a very reasonable view toward heraldry was expressed:

Taking into consideration the early history of coat armour there seems to be no reason in this country at least, why anyone, provided he observes the simple rules of blazon and does not appropriate the arms of another, may not assume and use any coat he desires.

The American College of Heraldry and Arms, Inc., was established in the state of Maryland in 1966. It has two divisions: the American College of Arms, which is concerned with the arms of individuals, their registration, and, more importantly, the granting of arms; and the College of Arms of the United States, which deals with such items as arms, crests, and standards for corporate concerns. Arms were granted to various U.S. presidents in the 20th century.

The work of the American College of Heraldry and Arms may be said to invalidate in America the historic relationship between arms and nobility, an argument which may lead to the concept of two classes—American arms, which are non-noble, and classical arms, which are noble. This is a situation that already exists in some European countries, such as Switzerland, Italy, and France. In the Netherlands there are three classes—noble, patrician (the older and very senior families of the cities), and the patriciate burgher (the newer and richer families of the cities). However, clear distinctions are almost impossible to define. The office of president of state is by the ancient definitions a noble office, and thus the arms of the U.S. presidents may be held to be noble arms.

England

In 1954 the ancient Court of Chivalry was revived. This was once the court of the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marshal, and it dealt with matters relating to nobility, knighthood, and gentility. Although it was concerned also with matters of military discipline, it was not the forerunner of the modern court-martial in the armed forces. The court gradually declined in the 17th and 18th centuries and had not sat from 1735 until its revival.

The office of Lord High Constable has long ceased to be hereditary or of permanent status in England. During coronations a constable is appointed for the occasion. Therefore, in the revived court that sat in 1954 to deal with a test case, Manchester Corporation v. Manchester Palace of Varieties (in which the City of Manchester succeeded in preventing one of the Manchester theatres from displaying the City’s coat of arms on its stage curtains), the Earl Marshal (the Duke of Norfolk) presided with a surrogate, who was the Lord Chief Justice of England appearing in his capacity as a doctor of civil law. As a result of the sitting, the jurisdiction of the court was confirmed.

International organizations

The unorganized condition of heraldry in many European countries has spurred private attempts to bring some order into the field. The movement known as the International Congresses of Heraldry and Genealogy began in 1928 with a meeting in Barcelona, Spain. A second Congress was held in Rome and Naples in 1953, and from that time regular meetings occurred at two- or three-year intervals. From these was established the International Institute of Genealogy and Heraldry, with its headquarters in Madrid.