Phil Knight

Phil Knight (born February 24, 1938, Portland, Oregon, U.S.) American businessman who cofounded (1964) the multinational sportswear and sports equipment corporation Nike, Inc. (originally called Blue Ribbon Sports). During his tenure as CEO (1964–2004), Nike became one of the most successful companies in the world.

Early life and education

Knight was the eldest of three children born to Lota (née Hatfield) Knight, a homemaker, and Bill Knight, who began his adult life as a lawyer but transitioned into newspaper publishing, overseeing the Oregon Journal. Phil Knight was raised in the Eastmoreland neighborhood of Portland, where he went to Cleveland High School. Knight was largely uninterested in academics in his early life, but he enrolled at the University of Oregon in 1955. He ran middle-distance for the school’s track team, which was headed by legendary coach Bill Bowerman, who was known for modifying his runners’ shoes to enhance performance.

Knight graduated from Oregon with a business degree in 1959. He then spent a year in the U.S. Army before attending Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business. He later said that while there he found his true passion for entrepreneurship and sales. In a class about small businesses, Knight initially conceived of the idea for a shoe company, and in one of the assignments, he argued that Japanese shoe production—which was relatively inexpensive thanks to cheaper labor—could outpace that of Germany, which was then the top maker of sneakers, largely because it was home to Adidas.

Nike

Upon graduating from Stanford in 1962, Knight traveled to Japan, where he toured the Onitsuka (now Asics) factory. He was impressed by the speed and quality with which the Japanese company could produce shoes, and he made a deal to sell the Onitsuka Tiger, the company’s signature shoe, in the United States. After showing the sneakers to Bowerman, the duo formed Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964. At the time Knight was working as an accountant and teaching at Portland State University. During his off-hours he began selling the shoes out of the back of his car at regional track meets. In 1967 Bowerman modified the Onitsuka Tiger to create the Tiger Cortez. The sneakers proved highly popular, and by 1969 Blue Ribbon Sports had sold $1 million worth of shoes. That year Knight left his other jobs to focus on the company.

Following a split with Onitsuka in 1971, Blue Ribbon Sports was renamed Nike, in honor of the Greek goddess of victory. That year the company’s logo—the now-famous swoosh—was commissioned by Knight for just $35. Also in 1971 Bowerman designed a groundbreaking line of sneakers that had waffle soles, which offered better traction. The shoes were a hit with runners, and in 1980 Knight and Bowerman took their company public.

Nike subsequently struggled, however, and, to improve the company’s prospects, a Nike executive encouraged Knight to sign an endorsement deal with NBA rookie Michael Jordan. Although initially reluctant, in 1984 Knight signed Jordan to a lucrative contract that would revolutionize sports marketing and transform Nike into an international powerhouse. The company’s line of Air Jordan sneakers became a phenomenon and are perhaps the world’s best-known shoes. Knight also oversaw the 1988 debut of Nike’s iconic slogan “Just Do It.”

By 1990 Nike had overtaken its competitors, and with Knight at the helm, it went on to become one of the largest companies in the world, marketing itself on cutting-edge design, celebrity endorsements, and streetwear appeal. Its rapid growth was fueled, in part, by the low-cost of producing shoes in impoverished areas of Asia. Nike was accused of using sweatshops and child labor to produce its products. Ultimately allegations of abusive conditions and forced overtime were confirmed, despite the company’s initial denial of any wrongdoing. In the late 1990s Knight announced changes and Nike subsequently began auditing the factories it used and raised the minimum wages paid.

In 2004 Knight stepped down as CEO, though he continued as the company’s chairman until 2016. At that time of his retirement, Nike was one of the world’s most recognizable brands, and its annual revenue was more than $32 billion. Knight’s net worth was estimated to be more than $28 billion in 2023.

In the late 1990s Knight invested in the animation company Will Vinton Studios, which popularized the stop-motion clay animation that it dubbed “Claymation.” The company’s creations included iconic commercial characters, including the California Raisins and talking M&Ms. In 2002 Knight became a majority holder in the business and ousted founder Will Vinton the following year. Knight later renamed the company Laika, after the dog who was the first living creature sent into Earth orbit.

Philanthropy

With his vast wealth, Knight has been a major donor, especially to Stanford and the University of Oregon. In 2013 he donated $500 million to Oregon; he made a second $500 million donation in 2021. His gifts to Stanford include $400 million in 2016. Knight has also supported a series of Republican Party candidates in Oregon, citing his discomfort with the state’s increasingly progressive direction. Notably, he was one of the largest contributors to a 2010 campaign against a proposed tax increase on corporations and the wealthy; the measure ultimately passed.

Personal life

Knight married Penelope “Penny” Parks in 1968. The couple had three children, and their eldest son, Matthew Knight, died in a scuba-diving accident in 2004. Nike’s signing of Jordan inspired the popular sports drama Air (2023), with Ben Affleck portraying Knight. Frequently described as aloof, Knight rarely does interviews or makes public appearances. However, in 2016 he published the memoir Shoe Dog.