Byzantine Empire - Andronicus II, Palaiologos Dynasty, Constantinople

Byzantine Empire

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Introduction & Top Questions
The empire to 867
- The Roman and Christian background
  - Unity and diversity in the late Roman Empire
  - The reforms of Diocletian and Constantine
- The 5th century: Persistence of Greco-Roman civilization in the East
  - Economic and social policies
  - Relations with the barbarians
  - Christological controversies
  - The empire at the end of the 5th century
- The 6th century: from East Rome to Byzantium
  - The years of achievement to 540
  - The crisis of mid-century
  - The last years of Justinian I
  - Christian culture of the Byzantine Empire
  - The successors of Justinian: 565–610
- The 7th century: the Heraclians and the challenge of Islam
  - Heraclius and the origin of the themes
  - The successors of Heraclius: Islam and the Bulgars
- The age of Iconoclasm: 717–867
  - The reigns of Leo III (the Isaurian) and Constantine V
  - Constantine’s weak successors
  - The Iconoclastic controversy
From 867 to the Ottoman conquest
- The Macedonian era: 867–1025
  - Military revival
  - Relations with the Slavs and Bulgars
    - Bulgarian wars
    - Relations with Russia
    - Bulgar revolt
  - Estrangement from the West
  - Culture and administration
  - Social and economic change
- Byzantine decline and subjection to Western influences: 1025–1260
  - 11th-century weakness
  - Arrival of new enemies
  - Alexius I and the First Crusade
  - Later Comneni
  - The Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Latin Empire
- The empire under the Palaeologi: 1261–1453
  - Michael VIII
  - Andronicus II
  - Cultural revival
  - Andronicus III and John Cantacuzenus
  - Turkish expansion
  - Manuel II and respite from the Turks
  - Final Turkish assault
Byzantine emperors

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Michael’s son Andronicus II (reigned 1282–1328) unwisely attempted to economize by cutting down the size of the army and disbanding the navy. Unemployed Byzantine sailors sold their services to the new Turkish emirs, who were already raiding the Aegean islands. The Genoese became the suppliers and defenders of Constantinople by sea, which excited the jealousy of the Venetians to the pitch of war and led to the first of a series of naval battles off Constantinople in 1296. In reaction against his father’s policy, Andronicus II pursued a line of almost total isolation from the papacy and the West. The ...(100 of 29645 words)

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