Byzantine Empire - The successors of Justinian: 565–610

Byzantine Empire

Table of Contents

Introduction & Top Questions
The empire to 867
- The Roman and Christian background
  - Unity and diversity in the late Roman Empire
  - The reforms of Diocletian and Constantine
- The 5th century: Persistence of Greco-Roman civilization in the East
  - Economic and social policies
  - Relations with the barbarians
  - Christological controversies
  - The empire at the end of the 5th century
- The 6th century: from East Rome to Byzantium
  - The years of achievement to 540
  - The crisis of mid-century
  - The last years of Justinian I
  - Christian culture of the Byzantine Empire
  - The successors of Justinian: 565–610
- The 7th century: the Heraclians and the challenge of Islam
  - Heraclius and the origin of the themes
  - The successors of Heraclius: Islam and the Bulgars
- The age of Iconoclasm: 717–867
  - The reigns of Leo III (the Isaurian) and Constantine V
  - Constantine’s weak successors
  - The Iconoclastic controversy
From 867 to the Ottoman conquest
- The Macedonian era: 867–1025
  - Military revival
  - Relations with the Slavs and Bulgars
    - Bulgarian wars
    - Relations with Russia
    - Bulgar revolt
  - Estrangement from the West
  - Culture and administration
  - Social and economic change
- Byzantine decline and subjection to Western influences: 1025–1260
  - 11th-century weakness
  - Arrival of new enemies
  - Alexius I and the First Crusade
  - Later Comneni
  - The Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Latin Empire
- The empire under the Palaeologi: 1261–1453
  - Michael VIII
  - Andronicus II
  - Cultural revival
  - Andronicus III and John Cantacuzenus
  - Turkish expansion
  - Manuel II and respite from the Turks
  - Final Turkish assault
Byzantine emperors

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Until Heraclius arrived to save the empire in 610, inconsistency and contradiction marked the policies adopted by the emperors, a reflection of their inability to solve the problems Justinian had bequeathed his successors. Justin II (565–578) haughtily refused to continue the payment of tribute to Avar or Persian; he thereby preserved the resources of the treasury, which he further increased by levying new taxes. Praiseworthy as his refusal to submit to blackmail may seem, Justin’s intransigence only increased the menace to the empire. His successor, Tiberius II (578–582), removed the taxes and, choosing between his enemies, awarded subsidies to the ...(100 of 29645 words)

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