Services of Indonesia
Services constitute a major segment of the Indonesian economy, generating more than one-third of GDP. Tourism in particular has emerged as a major source of income, although the industry’s growth suffered setbacks with the Asian economic crisis in 1997–98 and with multiple terrorist attacks and the outbreak of avian influenza (bird flu) in the early 21st century.
Labour
Indonesia’s industrialization has not produced strong organized labour. This is attributable in part to a surplus of labour in the job market; most lower-class Indonesians work in traditional, informal, and marginal jobs. Political repression under the Suharto presidency (1967–98) also discouraged politically motivated associations of workers. Rather, the government sought to incorporate functional groups such as those of farmers and fishermen into a quasi-governmental political party.
Thomas R. Leinbach Goenawan Susatyo MohamadTransportation and telecommunications
Because Indonesia is an island country, sea transport plays a key role in the movement of raw materials and agricultural products from their sources to markets. Although the physical nature of the country has favoured the development of strong sea links for freight and strong air links for passengers, many parts of Indonesia have not been adequately served by the transport network, a factor that has critically hampered economic development. The rapid expansion of telecommunications networks, however, has helped mitigate the insularity of some regions.
Roads and railways
Road transport is the dominant mode of transportation on Indonesia’s islands, especially the smaller ones, such as Java, Bali, and Madura. Some three-fifths of the country’s roads are paved, and most of these are on Sumatra, Java, and Bali, where the network of highways meets traffic needs in most areas. Much of the remaining paved mileage is on Madura, Lombok, and Celebes. Western and central Kalimantan have some good roads, but in Papua road transport has not developed evenly, owing to the size of the territory and to the government’s budgetary constraints.
Road traffic has been on the rise as roads have improved and as ownership of automobiles and motorcycles has increased. Trucks and intercity buses, operated by private enterprises, are central to the transportation system; using ferries to cross between islands, some cover distances as far as that between Medan in northern Sumatra and Surabaya in eastern Java. For traveling shorter distances, especially in the urban and semiurban areas, smaller buses and minivans are popular. In the larger cities, taxis are readily available, but most people opt to drive their own car, take a motorcycle, or, as a less expensive alternative, ride one of several types of minivan redesigned to accommodate additional passengers. The least expensive urban transportation services are provided by individual entrepreneurs who drive a single passenger on the back of a small motorcycle. In most towns, the becak (pedicab, or pedaled trishaw) remains a prominent feature of the streets, although this mode of transport is technically prohibited in Jakarta.
The railway, run by a public enterprise, operates mainly on Java and Madura, with less-extensive service on Sumatra. The demand for train services has remained strong, although geographic features limit the expansion of the railroads. Comfortable, reliable rail transport between major towns in Java has become a popular alternative to intercity buses and airlines.
Water and air transport
Most of the major population centres are close to the sea, where they can be served and linked by coastal and interisland shipping services. The adjacent seas are relatively calm because Indonesia is outside the belt of typhoons and high winds, and, even where docking facilities are not available, it is usually possible for ships to anchor and discharge and load from lighters and other craft.
There are numerous ports, some of which have facilities and water depths that allow large vessels to load and unload at quayside. The major dry-cargo ports are Tanjung Priok, the outport of Jakarta; Tanjungperak, the outport of Surabaya; and Belawan, the outport of Medan. Palembang, in southern Sumatra, is the major petroleum port. Other major ports include Semarang and Cirebon on Java, Telukbayur (the outport of Padang) on Sumatra, Manado on Celebes, Ambon in the Moluccas, Jayapura in Papua, and Banjarmasin on the south coast of Kalimantan.
Although Indonesia has scores of airports, few of them offer international service. Most international flights operate out of Jakarta and Yogyakarta in Java, Medan in Sumatra, Denpasar in Bali, and Balikpapan in Kalimantan. Major cities in Sumatra and Celebes also have limited service to Singapore and Malaysia. Scheduled services are provided by several companies, the most important of which are Garuda Indonesia (the national airline) and the privately owned Lion Air, both of which offer domestic and international flights. Merpati, also state owned, offers domestic service only.
Telecommunications
Since the late 1970s, immediate links between distant places in Indonesia have been established through telecommunications technology. The use of satellites, purchased by Indonesian public and private telecommunications companies, revolutionized the system. A unique solution to the general lack of telecommunications facilities was the establishment of neighbourhood wartel (“telephone shops”), where customers can make domestic or international calls and send or receive faxes for a time-based fee. However, with the rapidly expanding use of cell phones—which has far outstripped that of standard telephones—the wartel are playing a less critical role in the Indonesian telecommunications system. An increase in Internet usage has been attributable largely to the introduction of warnet (“Internet shops”) in major cities. Like wartel, these shops typically charge by the length of time used.