Ottoman Empire - Abdulhamid II, Reforms, Autocracy

Ottoman Empire

Table of Contents

Introduction & Top Questions
The Ottoman state to 1481: the age of expansion
- Origins and expansion of the Ottoman state, c. 1300–1402
  - Osman and Orhan
  - Murad I
  - Bayezid I
- Restoration of the Ottoman Empire, 1402–81
  - Mehmed I and Murad II
  - Mehmed II
- Ottoman institutions in the 14th and 15th centuries
  - Changing status of the Ottoman rulers
  - Institutional evolution
  - Military organization
The peak of Ottoman power, 1481–1566
- Domination of southeastern Europe and the Middle East
  - Bayezid II
  - Selim I
  - Süleyman I
- Classical Ottoman society and administration
The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1566–1807
- Internal problems
  - The triumph of the devşirme
  - Corruption and nepotism
  - Economic difficulties
  - Social unrest
- External relations
- Reform efforts
- Military defeats and the emergence of the Eastern Question, 1683–1792
- Imperial decline in the 18th and early 19th centuries
  - Resistance to change
  - Contacts with the West
  - Military reforms
  - Selim III and the nizam-ı cedid
The empire from 1807 to 1920
- Rule of Mahmud II
  - Internal reform
  - Move toward centralization
- The Tanzimat reforms (1839–76)
  - Purpose of the Tanzimat
  - Reform in education
  - Reforms in law
  - Obstructions to reforms
- The 1875–78 crisis
- The Ottoman constitution, 1876
- Rule of Abdülhamid II
  - Pan-Islamism
  - Preservation of the empire
  - The Young Turk Revolution of 1908
- Dissolution of the empire
  - Rise of the CUP
  - Internal developments
  - Turkish nationalism
  - Foreign relations
  - The people
  - World War I, 1914–18
  - Allied war aims and the proposed peace settlement
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire

References & Edit History Quick Facts & Related Topics

Images & Videos

For Students

Ottoman Empire summary

Ottoman Empire Timeline

Key People of the Ottoman Empire

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

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The reign of Abdülhamid II (1876–1909) is often regarded as having been a reaction against the Tanzimat, but, insofar as the essence of the Tanzimat reforms was centralization rather than liberalization, Abdülhamid may be seen as its fulfiller rather than its destroyer. The continued development of the army and administration, the formation of a gendarmerie, the growth of communications—especially the telegraph and railways—and the formation of an elaborate spy system enabled the sultan to monopolize power and crush opposition. His brutal repression of the Armenians in 1894–96 earned him the European title “red sultan.” But Abdülhamid’s reign also made positive ...(100 of 25173 words)

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