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Community-level interactions are made up of the combined interactions between species within the biological community where the species coexist. The effects of one species upon another that derive from these interactions may take one of three forms: positive (+), negative (–), and neutral (0). Hence, interactions between any two species in any given biological community can take any of six forms: The effects of species interactions on the population dynamics of the species involved can be predicted by a pair of linked equations that were developed independently during the 1920s by American mathematician and physical scientist Alfred J. Lotka and ...(100 of 4579 words)