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French educational history in the 19th century is essentially the story of the struggle for the freedom of education, of the introduction at the secondary level of the modern and scientific branches of learning, and, under the Third Republic, of the establishment of primary education—at once secular and compulsory—between the ages of 6 and 12. There were also a middle education between the ages of 13 and 16 and, finally, a professional and technical education. Under the restoration of the monarchy in 1814, education fell inevitably under the control of the church. However, during the bourgeois monarchy of Louis Philippe, ...(100 of 117691 words)