Demographic trends
Cambodia’s first national census as an independent country, taken in 1962, reported a population of about 5,700,000. Subsequent population figures are exceedingly difficult to determine because of the enormous number of people who died or were displaced in the years after 1970. After some stability returned in the 1990s, a second national census, conducted in 1998, indicated that the population was double its 1962 level. In 2008 a third census put the population at nearly 13,400,000. Since that time, the country’s population has continued to expand at a rate above the world average. As in many developing countries, children under age 15 constitute the largest group, nearly one-third of the population, while about three-fifths of the population is under 30. The age distribution is becoming more balanced as the country continues to recover from its losses under the Khmer Rouge regime.
The war and social revolution of the 1970s, and the country’s subsequent political and economic disruption, also seriously affected the geographic distribution of Cambodia’s population. Between 1975 and 1978, hundreds of thousands of urban people were forcibly moved into rural areas to cultivate rice and to dig and maintain extensive irrigation works. Following the upheaval, towns and cities began again to grow, and most have regained or surpassed their pre-1970 population levels. However, the unrest of the 1970s led more than 300,000 Cambodians to emigrate. Of these, more than half (some 179,000) went to the United States, more than 50,000 to France, and 45,000 to Australia. Several thousand Cham were resettled in Malaysia in the 1980s. An additional 300,000 people who had sought shelter in refugee camps along the Thai-Cambodian border in the 1980s were repatriated to Cambodia in 1993–94 under the provisions of a 1991 peace agreement between the Cambodian government and what had been its political opponents.
Economy
Even before 1975, Cambodia’s economy was one of the least-developed in Southeast Asia. It depended heavily on two major products—rice and rubber—and consequently was vulnerable to annual fluctuations caused by vagaries in the weather and world market prices. Agriculture dominated the economy, with most rural families engaged in rice cultivation. Although the tradition of landownership was strong, family landholdings were relatively small, and the rural population was largely self-sufficient. Two and a half acres (one hectare) of rice paddy provided for the needs of a family of five people, and supplementary requirements were traditionally satisfied by fishing, cultivating fruit and vegetables, and raising livestock. Famine was rare in Cambodia, but the self-sufficiency of the rural family produced a conservatism that resisted government efforts before 1975 to modernize the country’s agricultural methods.
The pro-Vietnamese government that came to power in 1979 dismantled the collectivized agriculture that had been savagely imposed on a national scale by Democratic Kampuchea in 1975–79, but partial collectivization remained an ideal of the new regime, as it did in neighbouring Vietnam, in an attempt to improve efficiency. Voluntary cooperative groupings called krom samaki subsequently replaced collective farms in many areas, but the vast majority of Cambodian farming continued to be carried out by family units growing crops for subsistence and small surpluses for cash or barter. A law enacted in 1989 permitted Cambodians to buy and sell real estate for the first time. An immediate effect of the law was a speculative boom in urban areas and an increase in investment, particularly in Phnom Penh. In rural areas laws were also implemented that restored traditional rights of land tenure and inheritance.
In 1992–93, during a brief United Nations protectorate, the economies of Phnom Penh and Bătdâmbâng were fueled by foreign speculation in land and short-term, foreign-financed construction. Tourism became (and has remained) a major source of national revenue, but the rural economy has continued to be hampered by poor communications, bad weather, widespread poverty and disease, and often outdated and inefficient farming techniques. Although per capita income has been rising, it has remained among the world’s lowest.
The country’s external debt also increased sharply during the 1990s, and foreign aid continues to be a major source of revenue. Most of the international donors, the leader of which is Japan, have used aid to pressure the Cambodian government to carry out reforms aimed at promoting economic development and democratization. Donors have targeted funding at particular areas such as refugee repatriation and resettlement, education and training, health and sanitation, agriculture, and community development. Creditors have rescheduled and in some cases canceled repayment of loans, but they have also cut aid disbursements when they have disagreed with government policies or actions.